Most collisions occur as a result of an inadequate lookout or unsatisfactory radar watch. The main cause in several of these events is fatigue. The handing over of watch is also a risk factor. Close quarter situations often occur due to late, unsatisfactory or improper alterations of course and speed.

Facts and Findings

• Most collisions occur whilst ship is full away on passage and in fair weather and in calm or slight seas.
  
  
• Many instances occur where VHF contact was made, but where information was exchanged with incorrect vessel.
  
  
• Overtaking in narrow passages and not following rules of separation zones have an high occurrence rate.

Preventive measures

• The crew must understand the importance of adherence to the bridge management procedures.
  
  
• A proper lookout must be maintained at all times, along with efficient reporting to watch keeping officer.
  
  
• The lookout should not be occupied with activities that may impede the lookout.
  
  
• Proceed at safe speed and take into consideration visibility, traffic density, manoeuvrability, weather conditions and limitations of the radar.
  
  
• Every effort must be made to ascertain if a close quarters situation is developing – determine by repeated systematic observations any change in radar and compass bearings in addition to any automatic or manual radar plotting.
  
  
• Refrain from using VHF to establish passing with another ship, as an agreement could be made with wrong vessel.
  
  
• If obliged to give way, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
  
  
• Slowing down is often the best way to avoid a close quarters situation.
  
  
• When officers hand over watch, the relieving officer must be briefed on course, speed, traffic, weather and dangers to navigation that could be expected.
  
  
• Follow STCW code requirements on rest periods in order to minimise risk of fatigue.
  
  
• Master and pilot should agree which language to be used between ship, pilot, tugs and shore.
  
  
• Maritime Resource Management training course is recommended to foster positive attitudes favouring good personal communication, excellence in leadership skills and compliance with operating procedures.